Technology-enhanced intercultural exchange in language learning and teaching

A scoping review

Abstract

This paper presents a scoping review of recent research on virtual exchange (VE) in higher education, with a focus on language learning and intercultural development. Drawing on 48 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 in Q1 journals, the review analyses terminology, geographical distribution, linguistic and cultural goals, technologies used, research designs, data collection, and key findings. The results confirm that VE is a flexible and inclusive pedagogical model that fosters both language acquisition, particularly speaking skills, and intercultural competence, through tasks emphasizing collaboration and reflection. While commonly used tools include Zoom, WhatsApp, and Google platforms, few studies have integrated emerging technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and AI. Moreover, research in the Japanese higher education context remains limited. These gaps inform the design of a forthcoming empirical study that will connect Japanese university students with peers in Australia and New Zealand through VR- and AI-enhanced intercultural exchange. This review not only highlights best practices and methodological trends in VE research but also identifies underexplored areas and technological opportunities that can shape the next generation of intercultural language education.