Abstract
Complex skills development in higher education is constrained by fragmented instruction, limited support for whole-task learning and increased cognitive load in online and blended formats. The four-component instructional design (4C/ID) model has been proposed as a task-centred approach designed to address these challenges. This systematic review synthesises empirical applications of 4C/ID in higher education over the past three decades. Following PRISMA 2020, searches of six major databases covered January 1992 to 7 December 2025. Fourteen empirical studies met the inclusion criteria and were appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Most were quasi-experimental (n = 10), with two mixed-methods and two pre–post studies; the pooled sample comprised 1,109 students. Research clustered in Asia and North America across education and educational technology, health and computing, with a few studies in language and architecture. Across studies, implementations emphasised whole-task sequencing, scaffold fading and coordinated supportive and procedural information, often supported by digital technologies. Evidence indicates consistent gains in performance and transfer outcomes. Well-sequenced guidance reduced extraneous load and supported germane processing, though intrinsic load was higher early in whole-task learning. Common limitations included small samples, non-random allocation and limited follow-up. Overall, 4C/ID shows promise for improving learning outcomes in higher education. Future work should broaden samples and contexts, strengthen designs, standardise outcome measures and report implementation fidelity to advance both research and practice.
Keywords
Four-component instructional design, higher education, cognitive load, complex learning.